P values?
Do they account solely for sampling error (therefore irrelevant when population data is available) OR do they serve to asses the likelihood of something being due to chance in other ways (therefore relevant for studies with population data)?
Any links or literature are welcome :)
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That’s a very cool way to look at it. You’re basically taking “a sample in time” and will never be able to sample across time (assuming we don’t invent time machines… ever), so you will always be looking at a super-population that is technically infinite. =)